For All the Generals, the Popes, and the Monarchs:​

By Anna Von Reitz

This is all just business, gentlemen.

There is the "United States of America" Incorporated, which you will see referenced in The Definitive Treaty of Paris, 1783, which names King George III as "Arch-Treasurer" of that British commercial corporation.

And then, there is "The United States of America" [Unincorporated] which is, just coincidentally, the American Common Law copyrighted name of the Federation of our States operating in international trade and commerce as of September 9, 1776 --- years before the Treaty of Paris hit the bricks.

So what is going on here?

It's called "mirroring" -- a deliberate effort to confuse one thing for another, by semantic deceit or other means, seeking to deceive the gullible among us for purposes of unjust enrichment via direct theft -- as in identity theft -- or via surreptitious theft of credit, both of which have gone on here. 
 
They have run up debts "in the name of" the United States of America and then left everyone to assume that those debts are debts owed by The United States of America.

This is not the first time they have done this fraud scheme pas de deux. The only difference is that we woke up and caught them at it. 
 
Now they are telling you that the "United States" and the "United States of America" are both bankrupt and they can't make the payroll. But which "United States of America" are they talking about?

Well, get a clue. It's not us. It's not our Federation of States and most importantly, not our people on the hook for this. It wasn't us on the hook last time they pulled this crappola in 1907 or 1933, either --- but we were dunned for it. And we stupidly paid it, because it appeared to be addressed to us.

This time, it's not going to go the way they would like it to go. They are going to pay their own debts and honor their obligations to this country, including the vast debt that they already owe us as a result of their earlier fraud. 
 
We realize that they can't possibly pay it all back and that we will have to forgive vast amounts of debt, but at the end of the day, there is no doubt whatever that we are their Priority Creditors.

Which means that we are owed all the credit and money that they purloined from our States and that we have first dibs--- not the Secondary Creditors. And not the "US Trustees" appointed as bankruptcy Trustees by those Secondary Creditors.

As for you, Generals, if you want to get paid, the process is simple enough. Go back to work for the actual States and People that you owe your allegiance to: The United States of America [Unincorporated]. It's going to be a lot easier to put the screws to Rome, London, Edinburgh, and Hong Kong than it is to deal with 350 million outraged Americans, a billion Chinese and only God knows how many Russians.
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​
FOR ALL THE GENERALS, THE POPES, AND THE MONARCHS:
_____________________________________
​Additional P.S. For the Generals, the Popes, and the Monarchs:
________________________________________
By Anna Von Reitz

Our formerly Delegated Powers returned to us by Operation of Law the moment the original Federal level of the Federal Government was rendered incompetent in 1860, but we were not told this by our Trustees. 

The Delegated Powers merely "assumed" by the Scottish Interloper doing business as "The United States of America, Inc." returned to us again in 1907, when that entity declared bankruptcy.  Again, we were not informed by our Trustees. 

The Delegated Powers merely "assumed" by the Roman Catholic Church Delaware Corporation doing business as the "United States of America" Inc. returned to us again in 1933, when that entity declared bankruptcy, but again, we were not informed by our Trustees.

So, as should be apparent, these Trustees aren't worth the powder to blow them to Hell and back.

When the bankruptcy of the "United States of America" Inc. settled in November of 1999, our claim in behalf of ourselves and The United States of America [Unincorporated] had already cured for over a year.  Again, our Trustees never said a word.

We were astonished and confused: who are these people pretending to be our Trustees, who don't respond to us---or for us or for our benefit? 

Thus began a long and arduous journey.

Our Delegated Powers have been commandeered for over 150 years by Foreign Interests that had absolutely no right whatsoever to do what they have done in this country.  Our identity has been stolen along with our assets by these Trustees operating in Gross Breach of Trust and violation of Commercial Contract.

All Parties including the Principals have been given extensive Due Process and Due Notice culminating in a Final Civil Judgment entered and published worldwide in April 2014. 

So when the UNITED STATES, Inc. went bankrupt in 2015, we re-issued our Sovereign Letters Patent, and reclaimed the STATES OF STATES and the States of States and rolled them into the Federal State (Misnamed "Land") Trusts.  When the Territorial "Government" similarly declared bankruptcy in 2017, we said-- very clearly -- enough is enough. 

All three levels of the so-called Federal Government were at that point incompetent.  The actual Federal Government intended and ordained by our ancestors has been held in a phony "abeyance" since 1860.  The Municipal Government was liquidated.  The Territorial Government bankrupt.

By Operation of Law all Delegated Powers returned to us, to the Federation of States that delegated the "Powers" in the first place --- The United States of America [Unincorporated] and the American States and People.  As this is an Operation of Law, no court action is necessary and no controversy is present.  It simply is, and we are here, present and accounted for --officially-- since 1998. 

Our purported Trustees have continued to ignore us to the extent possible, so we issued a formal Acknowledgement, Acceptance, and Re-Conveyance on June 6, 2018.

We also re-conveyed all the Federal State Trusts back to the ownership of the sovereign States where they remain protected on the land jurisdiction of The United States of America [Unincorporated] and each of the States. This is all a matter of public record, firmly established by UCC notices and liens and land recording district records in Alaska and Illinois and various other locations.

We have reminded the Queen and the Popes of their duties with respect to us and our States and our People, as well as reminding the Government of Westminster of their Treaty obligations.

We have also reminded everyone of the fact that members of the Bar Associations are prohibited from holding any public office or position of trust related to our government and that has been the case since 1819.  Thus no action undertaken by any Bar Attorney, including their votes in the Territorial United State Congress or Municipal United States Congress, can ever be presumed to apply to us or our assets in any way, shape, or form.

This is no threat to anyone nor is it any provocation of war.  It is simply a matter of actual ownership interest and Law, which we have exercised. Contrary to the expectations of many, our assets are not "abandoned", not "unclaimed" and they are no longer subject to contrived commercial claims by Secondary Creditors, nor any administration by Bar Attorneys subject to the Crown.

We consider what has gone on here to be a crime, both a recognizable international crime and a domestic crime.  We consider that the perpetrators have aimed at the overthrow of not only our government but all national governments worldwide.

The United States of America [Unincorporated] is the actual government owed to the American States and People and it is our established and lawful right and obligation to function in both international trade and commerce effective July 17, 2014.

We have done so and we have standing to do so.

All Trade Names of living people issued on or arising from the land and soil of the American States and all derivatives thereof are Public Trusts of The United States of America [Unincorporated] and they always have been. They are all assets of the land and soil, not engaged in any form of interstate commerce.

Review that fact in view of the false commercial claims and unlawful conversions of the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Administration.  Also review that fact in view of the false commercial claims made upon American Negroes and other people of color by the Scottish Government dba "The United States of America" Incorporated.

Every dog has its day and you have all had yours. What remains is a necessary and profound ---and lasting--- correction on all your parts.
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Continue Your Studies 

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By Anna Von Reitz

Truly understanding where we are requires a knowledge of where we have been in the past--- and that is not easy to come by, both because the facts have been obscured by guilty parties and because most people have not been motivated to learn. 

So that we can hit the highlights and get up to speed in the present----

Part I  -- We Begin

1. The government of this country is vested in its people.  "People" means "militia" in Hebrew.  There is no doubt that the Founders meant for the government to be created and controlled by the same militia men who defended the country then and who defend it now. 

2. The actual government is an unincorporated business known as a Body Politic. 

3.  The name given to this Body Politic on September 9, 1776, was: The United States of America. 

4.  This is a totally unique unincorporated entity and we hold its Declaration of Independence and its Letters Patent and its sacred name under Common Law Copyright in perpetuity.

5.  The United States of America is not a sovereign nation.  It is a consortium known as a "union" of sovereign nations.

6.   Thus, when you look at this country, what you are actually seeing are fifty smaller countries, each with their own history, their own geographic boundaries, and their own natural government.  In America the words "state" and "nation" are interchangeable.  Thus, the "interstate commerce clause" can also be read as the "international commerce clause" and "Ohio State Bank" can also be read "Ohio National Bank". 

7.  For their mutual benefit, these independent small countries banded together and formed the union called The United States of America and they delegated their international jurisdiction (also known as "territorial jurisdiction"), both on the land (organized as Federal Postal Districts) and on the sea (organized as US Districts) to it.

8.  The unincorporated union of sovereign states called "The United States of America" holds and exercises all their combined international "powers". 

9.   The United States of America then delegated nineteen of these international powers to the British-backed United States organization, lodged in the District of Columbia.

10.  Neither of these organizations were incorporated originally. Each had its own population and its own geographical territory.  This was the practical result of The Definitive Treaty of Peace 1783, which describes the two populations as "the free, sovereign and independent people of the United States" and the "inhabitants" ---British citizens--- who remained behind after the War of Independence to provide "essential government services". 

 11. This arrangement resulted in two Constitutions --- one in 1787 called "The Constitution for the united States of America" that separated out the international powers of the member states and joined them together under the auspices of The United States of America (unincorporated), and one in 1789 called "The Constitution of the United States of America" which created The United States entity and its government to exercise the nineteen (19) delegated functions. 

Part II  - A House Divided

12.  This unsteady dual sovereignty endured until the so-called American Civil War---- which was never declared as a war by the united States of America in Congress Assembled, and it was never ended by a peace treaty.  As such, it was and remains an illegal commercial mercenary action on our shores.

13.  Following the end of the armed hostilities, a completely new incorporated entity merely calling itself "The United States of America" (Incorporated) was launched in 1868.  Unlike the actual unincorporated government it was deceptively named after, this was a incorporated entity like any other. The Congress ceased acting in their public office and began functioning as a corporate Board of Directors.

14. The effect of this was glossed over and subtle and hard for the people to recognize, but it unlawfully converted our unincorporated government into an incorporated one, infringed on our copyrights to do it, and substituted a private, mostly foreign-owned corporation in its place.  This in turn removed the government from the land jurisdiction and dumped it in the international jurisdiction of the sea. 

15. At first this seemed to have little impact because the "federal government" and its international functions had always been operating in the international jurisdiction anyway.  The switch from public interest to private interest went largely unnoticed, but the pilfering and mischief began--- and by 1907, "The United States of America" (Incorporated) was bankrupt. 

16. Shortly before this, a series of Supreme Court cases known collectively as the "Insular Tariff" cases allowed the incorporated Municipal United States to expand its franchises into the geographically defined states.  So when The United States of America (Incorporated) went bankrupt in 1907, its functions were immediately picked up by yet another version called "the" United States of America (Incorporated).

17. This second version -- another private, mostly foreign-owned governmental services corporation -- was bankrupted in its turn, first, internationally, by treaty among the G-5 nations in 1930 at the Geneva Conventions, and then domestically in 1933 by Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

18. This left us with two bankrupt foreign federal governmental services corporations, one called "The United States of America" (Incorporated) and another called "the United States of America" (Incorporated) and they conveniently named us and our states as the Sureties for their debts----so that our land was held as collateral for the debts of The United States of America, Inc. until that bankruptcy settled in 1953, and our labor and private property was conscripted and held as collateral for the debts of "the" United States of America, Inc., until that bankruptcy settled in 1999.

Part III - The Filthy Bastards

19. During the bankruptcy of both of these incorporated entities, more fun and games ensued with new incorporated entities that merely moved into town and "assumed" the vacated service contracts owed to us under the actual Constitution --- enter the UNITED STATES (INC) and USA (Inc.).  One, the UNITED STATES (INC.) being a Municipal corporation organized in France and the other, the USA, Inc., being a Territorial corporation organized in Puerto Rico--- and both being foreign to us and to our states and having no proper contract or affiliation with us whatsoever.  
 
20. In international jurisdiction it is possible to act as a "successor to contract" and to "assume" a contract, so long as nobody objects, and since nobody but the perpetrators of this system knew  what was going on at the time, nobody objected. 
 
21. Now, as of May 2015, the UNITED STATES, (INC.) is in Chapter 7 Liquidation and as of this year, 2017, the USA, Inc., is in Chapter 11 Reorganization.

22. It is the obvious plan of the perpetrators to pull the same tricks again and make the clueless Americans pay for it all. As preparation, THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA was incorporated under the municipal (city-state) auspices of the United Nations to take over the lucrative governmental services contracts of the bankrupt UNITED STATES (INC.) and a new territorial entity calling itself "Republic United States" has been formed as a Nevada Corporation.  Still more contenders have been formed off-shore, including a new thing out of Costa Rica calling itself "The United States of America" (Inc.---again.) and The Unity States of America (Inc.) and so on.

23. During this time period, American babies were seized upon as chattel backing the debts of these corporations under conditions of non-disclosure and deceit and deliberately misidentified as the progeny of unwed Mothers surrendered as wards of the incorporated "STATES". Their worldly goods--the copyrights to their Names, their land, their homes, their bodies, and even their souls-- were "securitized" and traded as assets and  were presumed to be "donated" to benefit the incorporated "States of States", while they themselves were deemed to be paupers and incompetents and slaves owned by these respective commercial corporations.

24. These gross criminal acts of personage and barratry against innocent civilian populations, fraud and breach of trust with respect to international treaties, violation of commercial contracts, institutionalized identity theft, unlawful conversion, acts of inland piracy against their employers, press-ganging, kidnapping, enslavement and other crimes perpetuated against the American states and people have provided a vast and insurmountable public record of infamy and led to the demand that these corporations be liquidated as crime syndicates operating on our shores. 

25. We note that these activities continued on despite objection and evidence and regardless of which political party was in power.  They continued even after they were prosecuted and given Notice under international law.  Many of these crimes have been internationally outlawed for centuries and some are capital level war crime offenses.  These crimes have been committed against Americans at home, and at the same time, the same perpetrators have committed these and similar crimes "in our names" while claiming to represent us abroad.

Part IV -- We Wake Up and Return Home

26. In 1998, things conspired so that some Americans woke up.  Commander Russell Gould seized the Title IV Flag abandoned in the wreckage of the bankruptcy settlement of "the United States of America" (Inc.) and re-entered it in the United Nations.  He also re-opened the actual Post Office in Philadelphia. Meanwhile, my husband and I served Notice to the Governors of the "States of States" and the Internal Revenue Service and the Queen and the Pope, objecting to the fraud and criminality and Breach of Trust involved in all of this.

27. For the next ten years we privately pursued Due Process and continued to give Notice to all parties concerned and conducted the necessary research and discovery to determine and demonstrate both Breach of Trust and violation of Commercial Contract with respect to us and our states of the Union.

28. In 2008, our complaints were heard by the Vatican Chancery Court and a determination made by Benedict XVI in our favor and efforts to remedy began, including a Final Order defining once and for all the naming conventions and tax statuses of all the "named vessels" involved in this chicanery.

29. By 2011, we had re-opened our Federal Postal District Courts and began the final series of Due Process presentations throughout the land jurisdiction occupied by our sovereign unincorporated states.

30. In April 2014, we issued Final Judgment of Breach of Trust and Violation of Commercial Contract. We gave international Notice and Due Process to all Principal Parties and many, many agents and agencies.

31. On November 4, 2015, we issued new Sovereign Letters Patent, and on November 6, 2015, inclusive Sovereign Letters Patent and  a Joint Declaration of Sovereignty together with the American Athabascan and Lakota Sioux Nations.  By so doing we preserved our actual Constitution and chose new "federal" partners indigenous to this country. This was again given full Due Process and international Notice.
 
32. We solicited and processed claimants from all fifty land jurisdiction states competent to inherit the land as heirs and as representatives of the people, jural assembly members, and members of their respective state militias going back before the so-called Civil War and most before the War of Independence. These Americans also signed paperwork making their political status explicit and placed it on the public record, so that there can be no doubt that all fifty land jurisdiction states are occupied and possessed by lawful heirs.

33. On January 6, 2017, we issued a series of Private Sovereign Indemnity Bonds securing the claims of the American states and people as Priority Creditors and Paramount Security Interest Holders against the UNITED STATES and all of its various franchises including the STATES OF STATES, and also against the USA, Inc. and its franchises including the States of States.
34. Also on January 6, 2017, we issued a Payment Bond and lodged it with the Vatican Chancery Court, which is the bank for the Holy See, and redeemed all the Named and NAMED entities worldwide.  

35. We, the American states and people, are the Priority Creditors and Paramount Security Interest Holders of all Municipal governments and all Territorial governments and all the various corporations formed under the auspices of these governments worldwide.

Part V -- A Brief Practical Explanation of the Circumstance

36. Two dreadful World Wars had left the entire Earth suffering and demolished. In 1945, simply cleaning up the wreckage seemed an insurmountable task and unbearable expense for most of Europe and much of the Far East. 

37. The U.S. Army never stood down and the American states and people were "presumed upon" and never allowed to return to peacetime status.  Our factories were never re-tooled, our taxes were never relieved, our entire country and its resources were pushed to the uttermost for decades after 1945 to rebuild and finance the rebuilding of the entire world.

38. This is why we have been worked like animals and enslaved and imposed upon for eighty years-- to rebuild after the World Wars.

39.  Now, when it comes time to pay us back, the actual debtors--- all the many foreign countries of Europe and around the world, can't afford to pay us back. The debts are astronomical, in the quadrillions of dollars. 

40. So all these "incorporated" municipal and territorial franchise governments doing business as, for example, "JAPAN" and "Japan",  have all quietly, by treaty again, declared bankruptcy to discharge all this accumulated debt.

41. That is fine enough. We are wise enough to know about blood and turnips. And we didn't rebuild the world to lord it over our neighbors or destroy it again with another stupid war over money.  However, there are some issues that cannot and won't be ignored.

42. The perpetrators of these plans and circumstances set it up so that we have not been represented.  We, the Priority Creditors and Paramount Security Interest Holders have been studiously left in the dark, with the expectation that we would not step forward and tell the world these facts, which would then allow the international banks to act as Secondary Creditors and claim our assets as "abandoned property".

43. It isn't bad enough that everyone involved planned with malice aforethought to borrow all this money and labor and resources from us and then claim bankruptcy, but they further planned to make false claims on abandonment and steal everything that belongs to us naturally, adding an insurmountable insult to already ripened injury.

44. So as we take our rightful place as the lawful and only true and actual government left standing, and settle our claim as the Priority Creditors and Paramount Security Interest Holders of virtually every government and every incorporated business on this planet, we have this to say---- it's our right and obligation to do justice and grant mercy, to live up to the best that America can be and turn our backs on what it has been mis-represented to be--- but our assets are ours and they are not abandoned.

45. Finally, we say, this system is at an end. We have published our conditional acceptance and told both THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and the Republic United States and all the other wannabe Successors to Contract, thanks but no thanks.  Any services we receive, we receive on a limited and transitional month by month basis and we allow no assumption of contract beyond that.  We have made our arrangements and we are conducting our own business, restoring the lawful government and the Public Law pending action to call a Continental Congress into session.

Part VI - America's Hereditary Head of State

46. In 1087 A.D. William of Normandy died and made his senior nobles, relatives of his from Normandy who made the Norman Conquest possible, "free sovereigns in their own right" in England. This is known as The Settlement of the Norman Conquest.  The Belle Chers ---Anglicized to "Belcher"-- were among those so honored.

47. A little more than a hundred years later, they were among those who created and enforced the Magna Carta.

48. By 1609, they were among the first men to enter Boston Harbor and begin building the city.

49. By 1776, they were lawyers and neighbors of John Adams in Braintree, Massachusetts.

50. They were also officers in the Continental Army; William Belcher was a Colonel who fought in the Battle of White Plains and other engagements. He was also a free sovereign in England, having Elder Title, and outranking King George.

51. When The United States of America was formed to hold all the powers of the individual states in international jurisdiction and subsequently to delegate some of those powers to The United States, there had to be a Head of State to hold and exercise the "reserved powers" --- those powers in international jurisdiction that were retained by the American states and people and not delegated away.

52. The Head of State had to be a sovereign in his own right, and hopefully, someone who understood and supported the American vision.  William Belcher was put forward by John Adams as a solution to the problem and his family Coat of Arms was thus employed to create both The Great Seal of the United States of America and The Great Seal of the United States. 

53.  Every American ship and "vessel" in trade or commerce that has set sail on the High Seas and Navigable Inland Waters since then has operated under his sovereignty and his seal. 

54. James Clinton Belcher is the lawful heir and progeny of William Belcher and right-wise enabled to wield The Great Seal in whatever capacity and manner he chooses in international jurisdiction.

55. Though an artist by trade and fully loathing politics of all kinds, he has stepped forward in this hour of need to exercise those powers vested in him as the lawful Head of State owed to this country and has brought forward the claims of the American states and people as the Priority Creditors and Paramount Security Interest Holders in the worldwide bankruptcy, and he has also provided for their defense against false claims of abandonment, and provided evidence that their land and homes, businesses, and bodies are not chattel and not voluntarily standing as sureties for the debts of the UNITED STATES (INC.) and USA, Inc. which have abused their employers and benefactors, trespassed and infringed upon our copyrights, plundered our national trust, and done so under conditions of fraud and deceit.

56. By posting the Private Registered Indemnity Bonds covering all the actual states and people and by posting the Payment Bond redeeming all the Names and NAMES of these vessels, we have completed everything necessary to reclaim and release the assets, set aside the debts, and restore lawful government to the entire world. 

57. We have also rebutted all claims that we voluntarily abandoned, declaimed, or traded away our birthrights for petty considerations.

The governments of the world for the past 150 years have been run as crime syndicates with all the terrible results that we now see, but we have the opportunity as the Priority Creditors and Paramount Security Interest Holders to put an end to the evil that has been and give birth to the good that can be. 
Please share this information far and wide and let it be passed on and passed out and understood by everyone in every corner and nation.

Anna Maria Riezinger, Fiduciary
James Clinton Belcher, Head of State
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Dear Friends,
 
For an entity to become a corporation under federal law,
there must be an Act of Congress creating that corporation.
 
There are no Acts of Congress expressly incorporating
either the "United States" or the "United States of America".
 
In 1871 Congress did expressly incorporate the District
of Columbia, but D.C. and the "United States" are not
one and the same.  In that Act of 1871, Congress also
expressly extended the U.S. Constitution into D.C.:
 
http://www.supremelaw.org/cc/gilberts/intentm3.filed.htm#1871
 
In United States v. Cooper Corporation, 312 U.S. 600 (1941),
the Supreme Court wrote:
 
http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/312/600.html
 
"We may say in passing that the argument that the
United States may be treated as a corporation
organized under its own laws, that is, under the
Constitution as the fundamental law, seems so strained
as not to merit serious consideration ."
 
 
Some of the confusion rampant on this subject may have
originated in the definition of "UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA" in Bouvier's Law Dictionary here:
 
http://www.supremelaw.org/ref/dict/bldu1.htm#union
 
See Paragraph 5 quoted here:
 
"5.  The United States of America are a corporation
endowed with the capacity to sue and be sued, to convey
and receive property.  1 Marsh. Dec. 177, 181.
But it is proper to observe that no suit can be brought
against the United States without authority of law."
 
Note that the plural verb "are" was used, providing further
evidence that the "United States of America" are plural,
as implied by the plural term "States".  Also, the author
of that definition switches to "United States" in the second
sentence.  This only adds to the confusion, because the
term "United States" has three (3) different legal meanings:
 
http://www.supremelaw.org/decs/hooven/hooven.htm#united.states
 
However, the decision cited above is Justice Marshall issuing dictum,
and it is NOT an Act of Congress.  Here, again,
be very wary of courts attempting to "legislate" in the absence
of a proper Act of Congress.  See 1 U.S.C. 101 for the
statute defining the required enacting clause:
 
http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/1/101.html
 
And, pay attention to what was said in that definition here:
"no suit can be brought against the United States
without authority of law".  That statement is not only
correct;  it also provides another important clue:
Congress has conferred legal standing on the "United States"
to sue and be sued at 28 U.S.C. 1345 and 1346, respectively:
 
http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/28/1345.html
http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/28/1346.html
 
Congress has NOT conferred comparable legal standing
upon the "United States of America" to sue, or be sued,
as such.
 
Furthermore, under the Articles of Confederation, the term
"United States of America" is the "stile" or phrase that was used
to describe the Union formed legally by those Articles:
 
Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union between the States
of New Hampshire, Massachusetts bay, Rhode Island and Providence
Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and
Georgia.
 
Article I.  The Stile of this Confederacy shall be
"The United States of America."
 
Article II.  Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom,
and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right,
which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated
to the United States, in Congress assembled.”
 
[end excerpt]
 
 
When they came together the first time to form
a Union of several (plural) States, they decided
to call themselves the "United States of America".
 
Note also that those Articles clearly distinguished
"United States of America" from "United States"
in Congress assembled.  The States formally
delegated certain powers to the federal government,
which is clearly identified in those Articles as the
"United States".
 
Therefore, the "United States of America" now refer to
the 50 States of the Union, and the term "United States"
refers to the federal government.
 
The term "United States" is the term that is used consistently now
throughout Title 28 to refer to the federal government domiciled
in D.C.  There is only ONE PLACE in all of Title 28 where the
term "United States of America" is used, and there it is used
in correct contradistinction to "United States":
 
http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/28/1746.html
 
Because Title 28 contains statutes which govern all federal courts,
the consistent use of "United States" to refer to the federal
government carries enormous weight.  Title 28 is the latest word
on this subject, as revised, codified and enacted into positive law
on June 25, 1948.  Moreover, the Supremacy Clause elevates
Title 28 to the status of supreme Law of the Land.
 
To make matters worse and to propagate more confusion,
the entity "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA"
incorporated twice in the State of Delaware:
 
http://www.supremelaw.org/cc/usa.inc
http://www.supremelaw.org/cc/usa.corp
 
 
The main problem that arises from these questions is that
United States Attorneys are now filing lawsuits and
prosecuting criminal INDICTMENTS in the name of the
"UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" [sic]
but without any powers of attorney to do so.  Compare
28 U.S.C. 547 (which confers powers of attorney to represent
the "United States" and its agencies in federal courts):
 
http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/28/547.html
 
They are NOT "United States of America Attorneys", OK?
 
First of all, they do NOT have any powers of attorney
to represent Delaware corporations in federal courts;
Congress never appropriated funds for them to do so
and Congress never conferred any powers of attorney
on them to do so either.
 
Secondly, the 50 States are already adequately represented
by their respective State Attorneys General;  therefore,
U.S. Attorneys have no powers of attorney to represent
any of the 50 States of the Union, or any of their agencies,
either.
 
They are "U.S. Attorneys" NOT "U.S.A. Attorneys", OK?
 
Accordingly, it is willful misrepresentation for any U.S. Attorney
to attempt to appear in any State or federal court on behalf
of the "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" [sic].  And,
such misrepresentation is actionable under the McDade Act
at 28 U.S.C. 530B:
 
http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/28/530B.html
 
 
There are quite a few "activists" running around the Internet
claiming that the "United States" and the "United States of
America" are both corporations.  These claims are not correct,
for the reasons already stated above.
 
A similar error occurs when these so-called “activists” cite
the federal statute at 28 U.S.C. 3002 as their only “proof”
that the “United States” was incorporated by Congress.
Here’s the pertinent text of that statute:
 
http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/28/3002.html
 
As used in this chapter:
...
(15)  "United States" means --
(A)  a Federal corporation;
(B)  an agency, department, commission, board, or
other entity of the United States;  or
(C)  an instrumentality of the United States.
 
[end excerpt]
 
 
First of all, note well that the stated scope of this definition
is limited to “this chapter” i.e. CHAPTER 176 of Title 28 –
Federal Debt Collection Procedures.  Overlooking the
limited scope of such definitions is a very common error
among many, if not all self-styled experts.  At best, this section
cannot be used as evidence that the federal government
should be treated as a valid corporation for all other intents
and purposes.  It takes a LOT more text than this one limited
definition to create any federal corporation!  Compare the
original Statutes at Large that created the Union Pacific
Railroad Company, for example.
 
Secondly, from the evidence above it should already
be clear that the “United States” (federal government)
is not now, and never has been, a federal corporation.
The statute at 28 U.S.C. 3002 merely defines the
term “United States” to embrace all existing federal
corporations.  Because the United States was not
an existing corporation when Congress enacted
section 3002, that statute did not create and could
not have created the United States as a federal
corporation in the first instance.
 
Thirdly, in Eisner v. Macomber the U.S. Supreme Court
told Congress that it was barred from re-defining
any terms that are used in the federal Constitution.
“United States” occurs in several places, because it is central
to the entire purpose of that Constitution.  Therefore,
the legislative attempt to re-define “United States” at
section 3002 is necessarily unconstitutional, because
it violates the Eisner Prohibition.
 
Fourthly, section 3002 also exhibits 2 subtle tautologies,
which render it null and void for vagueness.  Here they are,
in case you missed them:
 
“United States” means … an agency, department, commission,
board, or other entity of the United States;
or
“United States” means … an instrumentality of the United States.
 
It is a fundamental violation of proper English grammar to use
the term being defined in any definition of that term, and such a
violation has clearly happened here.  If you don’t yet recognize
the tautologies, then change one part of this definition to read:
 
The term “United States” here also embraces any instrumentality
of the federal government.
 
At the very least, this minor change eliminates the tautology and
removes the vagueness.  Nevertheless, such an attempt to re-define
the term “United States” still violates the Eisner Prohibition.
 
For a newspaper-level Press Release which further explores some
of the many legal ramifications of these widespread errors, please
see this Internet URL:
 
http://www.supremelaw.org/press/rels/cracking.title.28.htm
 
 
Sincerely yours,
/s/ Paul Andrew Mitchell, B.A., M.S.
Private Attorney General, Criminal Investigator and
Federal Witness:  18 U.S.C. 1510, 1512-13, 1964(a)
http://www.supremelaw.org/decs/agency/private.attorney.general.htm
http://www.supremelaw.org/index.htm
http://www.supremelaw.org/support.policy.htm
http://www.supremelaw.org/guidelines.htm
 
All Rights Reserved without Prejudice
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